Yves here. It seems my family and friends are weirdos and do not do super-sized shopping in super-sized retailers. The very very few times I have gone with them to a Walmart or a Costco, it has been on a mission, to find one or two items, get them, and get out. One of the Walmarts was so depressing (the staff looked really beaten down) as to be exit-inducing.
Nevertheless, this article presents a very clever analysis that offers persuasive evidence that megastore operators are on to something, Not only do their hypertrophied outlets succeed in stealing sales from competing vendors, but they even flat out get consumers to overspend.
Nevertheless, the “size is ever and always better” is not always true. We cancelled a Costcom membership as a result of the store’s size. My mother’s pricey in-ear hearing aids were less than ideal. The local Costco audiologist was reputed to be best in town and Costco sold very pricey highly tunable (by frequency range) hearing aids at a big discount. But after I got the Costco membership and an appointment, it was too hard for me (with my hips to be replaced soon) and my mother’s aide to get her into her wheelchair in the crazy Costco pickup/dropoff area and push her on hard concrete all the way to the back of the store. It was supposed to require 3 visits (testing, fitting and retesting with purchased hearing aids, and then a follow up visit) and we couldn’t get one done.
I wonder how many mildly impaired or actually handicapped customers react that way. Even though the stores often have motorized go-carts, the are hard to enter and exit plus are undignified. Among other things, they are often used by the morbidly obese and carry that taint.
By Suvrat Dhanorkar, Associate Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology. Originally published at The Conversation
Imagine walking out of a Walmart, Target or Costco. As you push your large shopping cart to your car, you ask yourself: Did I really need all that stuff?
The answer is you probably didn’t.
In a recent study, my co-authors Lina Wang, Sungho Park and I found that the presence of supercenters – large retailers that sell groceries alongside general merchandise – results in a significant uptick in consumer waste due to overpurchasing.
These supercenters often sit on lots in excess of 150,000 square feet. But figuring out how all that real estate affects people’s shopping habits – if it does at all – is tricky. That’s because a lot of factors influence how much people buy on a single shopping trip.
To answer this question, we looked at the impact of the spread of Walmart supercenters across the U.S. over a decade, using a technique called difference-in-differences – an analytical method in which we compared consumer waste trends in counties that saw supercenter launches with “matched” counties that did not. This matching ensured that counties were otherwise closely comparable on socioeconomic factors such as housing, income and education.
Our analysis showed that the launch of a supercenter results in an increase in consumer waste of up to 7%. Furthermore, this increase in consumer waste is larger for new supercenter openings compared with conversions, when existing regular stores are expanded into large-format ones.
Why It Matters
For decades, neighborhood stores across the U.S. were edged out by large-format retailers: department stores, supercenters and shopping malls. Although there is evidence that many of these big-name retailers are beginning to look toward smaller stores, the shopping landscape remains dotted by supercenters.
And these large stores stimulate mass consumption through gradual shifts in consumer behaviors. For example, in their attempt to generate more sales, large-format retailers often underprice smaller neighborhood stores.
Take, for example, Walmart’s “everyday low price” strategy, which is key to its business model. This pricing strategy offers shoppers a largely consistent year-round low price rather than relying on occasional sales and discounts.
Further contributing to overpurchasing is the supercenters’ typical location, which tends to be away from residential areas. Naturally, in their effort to avoid multiple trips, consumers tend to maximize the utility of each visit by making their basket sizes larger.
Unfortunately, this overpurchasing often leads to waste as more goods reach expiration date or sit unused in people’s homes.
While this may be a profitable strategy for retailers, it’s bad for society and the environment and creates billions of dollars in waste. To put this into context, the United States generates close to 300 million tons of consumer waste every year, and then spends billions of dollars managing this waste.
What Still Isn’t Known
Now that we have measured the “supercenter effect,” we are keen to look at potential solutions to this problem. Some existing solutions are based on implementing policies that encourage behavioral shifts in consumers. For example, many cities have adopted a pay-as-you-throw policy that charges people based on the volume of waste generated.
Other solutions are more structural, such as bringing back neighborhood convenience stores and developing stronger circular economy channels. For example, neighborhood convenience stores can play an important role in mitigating the supercenter effect and could allow for smaller, more frequent shopping trips and significantly less waste.
In many cities, initiatives promoting local vendors and stores are gaining momentum. Such solutions would not only encourage sustainable consumption but also have benefits for local economic growth by promoting small businesses that have historically accounted for 62% of net new job creation.
A second solution entails leveraging the “reuse economy,” which can provide a back-end channel for circulating surplus and used goods. While both offline and online reuse channels exist – through the likes of thrift stores, food banks and Facebook Marketplace, for example – they currently remain vastly underused.
Identifying and aggressively implementing such solutions might turn out to be both economically meaningful and environmentally beneficial. But more work needs to be done to figure out which solutions are more effective, and why.
